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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is prone to populist impulses. It is still healthier than we had hoped for. The country is in search of an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for the ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground. Origins In the prehistoric era, the ancestors of modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and even made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They also traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with art styles and a written language and paper making. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or to build fortifications. Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje included elements of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male centered concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obedient to everyone and respected by their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves paved with stones, and adorned with precious objects like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are widespread throughout the country. In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was later under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a while. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to cooperate to expand their territories. In visit website , Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea enters the post-crisis era the development paradigm of the country is in flux. Those who are appalled by the enormous cost of the old system advocate the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, and by exaggerating fears about possible job losses. Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development including democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also highlights the most important factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their beliefs to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they didn't know what it meant. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a majority of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced types of life. In the past, most of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and in bringing them to Christ. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event drew an audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders. The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The inaugural event was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and attracted a lot of attention. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, which covered its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as a few books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country in churches and universities. A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in creationism that they raised the funds and support needed to build an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits. In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. This magazine covers topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created branches in local offices that give talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups. Changes in South Korea In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. At this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments. Korea's new development model is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining strategies that have been a part of the system before the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4. Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje was a major regional power in the 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. However, his rule was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central rule system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point, the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.